American

Hard Rock Cafe Amsterdam: If you have been to any other Hard Rock Cafe, the menu is fairly the same just you are in Amsterdam. Great burgers, fries, and sandwiches.
Burger Meester: This place has an amazing selection of burgers to choose from, so make sure to come hungry! It's also very close to the ARTIS Zoo which I also recommend checking out.
Thrill Grill: Here you can feel good about what you eat as it's locally sourced and environmentally friendly. Thrill Grill has a little bit of everything to please everyone.
Bulls and Dogs: At Bulls and Dogs you can get hot dogs with a twist, and they even offer hotdogs paired with special beers. They also serve cocktails, sides, and a big selection of freakshakes.

Asian

La Mian: Not super extensive menu here but what they offer is outsanding! Perfect portions of noodles and noodle soups keeps bring people back for more.
Miss Korea BBQ: All you can eat Korean BBQ within 2.5 hours time. Choose from traditional delicious to eat or barbecue, prices are very reasonable here.
Izakaya Asian Kitchen and Bar: More on the expensive side, this Asian/Peruvian fusion restaurant offers so much, its often hard to choose. Incredible drink selection.
Tomo Sushi: Situated right near another great sushi place Shabu Shabu, Tomo Sushi has a great sushi and sashimi selection as well as 2 prix fix dinner options.

Dutch/Traditional

Haesje Claes: A local told me this is a great place to experience traditional Dutch food. Reasonably priced and great food and service. Make sure to make a reservation as this place can get pretty popular on weekends.
The Copper Kettle: Another great place if you are in search of trying traditional Dutch cuisine. One of the more fun parts is the tasting platters they offer.
De Fles: Fun little place located in one of the oldest cellars in Amsterdam. Serving up yummy fish and meat dishes served with salad and fries. I highly recommend the mussels for dinner!

Sweets/Desserts

Pancakehouse Upstairs: Dubbed the smallest restaurant in Europe, this pancake house is located in an old Amsterdam house dating back to 1539 with only 4 tables! Here you have a choice between different kinds of savory and sweet pancakes.
Melly's Cookies Bar: Great place to get anything from cookies, cakes, pastries, and sandwiches. Cozy place to sit and enjoy a cookie or piece of cake. Some say some of the best cookies they ever had.
The Pancake Bakery: If the border-line food porn video on the homepage of their website isn't an indication of how amazing their food must be then I don't know what is! This place has pretty much every Dutch pancake imaginable, savory and sweet. Also offers poffertjes (small pancakes), and omelets.

Seafood

Mr. Crab Bistro: For the fish/seafood lover this is the place to be. Great selection of burgers, tacos, soups, fish and chips, as well as small snacks.
Brut de Mer: Insanely fresh seafood with friendly service. I personally don't eat oysters, but I hear they are very good here.
The Good Company: Excellent fried fish snacks, especially the shrimp croquettes. This place also makes fresh fish and chips daily and focuses on fresh local products and sustainable fish!